Prevalence of polybacterial infection and antimicrobial susceptibility of wound samples from different wards

Background and Objective: Wound infection treatment, particularly in chronic and bacterial poly cases, is difficult and entails heavy costs. This study was done to determine the prevalence of poly bacterial infection and antimicrobial susceptibility of wound samples from different wards

Methods: In this descriptive study, wound sampling was prepared from 336 patients admitted to different wards of Baqiatallah Hospital in Tehran, Iran. Identification was performed based on biochemical tests including oxidase test, TSI, IMVIC, lysine decarboxylase, phenylalanine deaminase, urea, motility, catalase, coagulase, mannitol fermentation, optochin sensitivity, susceptibility to bacitracin and sulfamethoxazole, growth in Bile esculin and DNase production. Antibiotic resistance pattern of isolates was determined using disk diffusion method for 14 important antibiotics

Results: 294 samples were positive for bacterial culture, from which 364 isolates including 11 different isolates were obtained. Out of 294 positive samples, 245 samples were mono bacterial and 54 were poly bacterial including two-bacterial [45 samples], three-bacterial [7 samples], and four-bacteral [2 samples]. 5. aureus [29.7%], Enterococci [15.6%], and E. coli [15.6%] were the most prevalent isolates. 5. aureus-Enterococci pattern was the most common two-bacterial pattern [33%], and majority of polybacterial patterns belonging to gram negative bacteria was in surgery ward [32.5%]. Antibiogram results showed high levels of antibiotic resistance in the isolates. Imipenem and amikacin were the most effective antibiotics against Gram negative isolates, and vancomycin for Gram positive isolates. Also, 71% of 5. aureus isolates were resistant to oxacillin

Conclusion: Variation of bacterial isolates was similar to other studies. Most of poly-bacterial wound infections were due to common nosocomial pathogens and their high rates of antibiotic resistance are extremely alarming

Detection of staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin genes A-E

The main cause of spreading staphylococcal infections among patients is the healthy carriers working in hospitals. With the secretion of different sorts of toxins such as entrotoxin, this bacteria can provide the conditions for attacking on the host. The main objective of this study is identification of the characteristics and differences in the Staphylococcus aureus isolated from healthy carriers and from the patients on the basis of enterotoxin genes [sea-see]. One hundred and twenty of the patients and 80 of healthy carriers worked in health centers of Gorgan, north of Iran, were investigated for S. aureus isolate. The isolates were evaluated by PCR for Enterotoxin Genes A-E [SEA to SEE]. Enterotoxin genes [SEA to SEE] was found in 87.5% of the total isolates and the most frequent one was enterotoxin gene sea [N= 124]. The prevalence of these isolates in healthy carriers was significantly higher than those of the patients. Based on the results, the high percentage of S. aureus isolated from clinical samples contains enterotoxin genes. Therefore, Human as the source and carrier of S. aureus is paramount importance, which is due to significant relationship between being toxigenic strains and the source of isolation

[Determination of contamination with Clostridium botulinum in two species of processed and non prosecced fish]

The Clostridium botulinum is one of the most important causative of food poisoning. Spores of Clostridium botulinum spread out in the soil, the sea sediments, the marine environments and the marine animals. In recent years use of the marine food products like as fish and cultured fish are elevated. The aim of this study was done to compare between processing and non processing fish infected by predominant type of Clostridium botulinum. This descriptive study was done on the 146 samples of fish in two species of processed and non prosecced that collected from Gilan province in Iran during 2008. These samples included the Liza auratus Fish [45 processed fish and 28 non processed fish] and the Salmo Trutta caspius Fish [34 processing fish and 39 non processing fish]. The samples examined according to the APHA2000 and FDA2003 protocols. Data Analyzed with SPSS-13 and Chi-Square test. 16 [11%] of samples [13% of the processed fish and 7.5% of non processed fish] were confirmed that infected by Clostridium botulinum. Also the dominant type of exotoxin was Type E. The Type E exotoxin was determined from 11 of the samples [6 processed fish and 5 non processed fish]. This study showed that fish are infected by Clostridium botulinum special the type E. also use of fish in bad preparation [half cooking and add material in its stomach] may cause the food poisoning

[Molecular and serological detection of enterotoxigenic staphylococcus aureus from traditionally dairy products]

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most causes of food poisoning [FP] in dairy products. The main etiologic agent of FP is staphylococcal enterotoxins [SE]. There are different types of SE, but type A [SEA] and type B [SEB] are the most important types. Because traditional dairy products are still produced and sold without a permit from the Ministry of Health, this study was conducted to evaluate molecular and serological detection of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus SEA and SEB from traditionally dairy products. In the current study, 100 samples of dairy products, which were produced by traditional methods, were transported to the laboratory under sterile conditions and were assessed. Samples were cultured and identified by routine bacteriological methods. The isolated bacteria were evaluated by PCR tests for diagnosis of the gene encoding of SEA and SEB. Subsequently, the ability of above mentioned strains to produce enterotoxin were examined by Sac's culture method and were confirmed by SRID. Data were analyzed using chi-square test. The results indicated that 32% of dairy products were contaminated by Staphylococcus aureus [18% cream, 10% cheese, 4% milk]. The PCR results showed that 15.6% of Staphylococcus aureus isolates possessed the SEA gene, 9.3% had the SEB gene and 6.2% possessed both genes. The ability of enterotoxin production indicated that 80% of SEA and 33% of SEB genes were expressed. Enterotoxins SEA and SEB are heat stable; therefore heating has no effect on dairy products contaminated by entertoxins and gastritis may occur in a short period of time. As PCR is a rapid, sensitive, specific and inexpensive methods, we suggest that it can be replaced to traditionally assays for detecting SE

Histological analysis antimetastatic effect of intera-venus injection of staphylococcal enterotoxin b and monophosphoryl lipid a against fibrosarchoma in lung tissue

Staphylococcal enterotoxin B [SEB] is a potent inducer of cytotoxic T-cell activity, cytokine production and necrosis induction in vivo. Monophosphoryl lipid A [MPL] is an adjuvant derived from the lipopolysaccharide of E.coli, Salmonella Minnesota Re595 and other gram negative bacteria. In this research, The antitumor and antimetastatic effect of intra-venus injection of Monophosphoryl Lipid A [MPL], Staphylococcal enterotoxin B [SEB] and SEB+ MPL was evaluated using Balb/C male mice bearing inoculable mice Fibrosarcoma. The anti tumor effect of SEB+ MPL, SEB and MPL in mice with inoculated fibrosarchoma tumor [Wehi-164] was examined by IV injection and the sizes of the inoculated tumors were determined. The inoculated tumors were also examined histologically. Moreover, histophatologic study in lung tissue didn't showed any metastasis. In the mice IV injected group with SEB4- MPL, reduction of tumor size show a significant difference compared with mice in the SEB and MPL injected and negative control group. A significantly higher frequency of necrosis in tumor tissues was also observed in mice in the IV [SEB+ MPL]-injected group in comparison with other group. Moreover, histophatologic study in lung tissue didn't show any metastasis Our findings suggest that tumor cell death and the prevention of metastasis be caused by increased Cytotoxic T-cell activity in response to IV injection of SEB+ MPL that need to more investigation

Natural occurrence of T-2 toxin in domestic and imported rice

Rice is one of the crops, which are prone to be contaminated with toxigenic fungi and their mycotoxins. This study aimed to investigate the natural occurrence of T-2 toxin in domestic and imported rice in Iran. In a cross-sectional descriptive study in winter 2007, 140 samples of imported rice [125 samples of Thai and 25 samples of Pakistani rice] and 60 samples of Iranian rice were collected from warehouses of canteens of governmental offices in Tehran. After grinding and methanol extraction of the rice samples, the amount of T-2 toxin was measured using a sandwich ELISA. INSTATA statistical software was used for data analysis. All samples of rice were more or less contaminated with T-2 toxin but the amount did not exceed the permissible limit. Mean contamination of domestic and imported rice was 11.2 +/- 2.3 and 13 +/- 2.7 micro g/kg, respectively. Regarding imported rice, mean of contamination was 14.5 +/- 4.6 micro g/kg for the Pakistani rice and 12.6 +/- 2.2 micro g/kg for the Thai rice. There was no significant difference between domestic and imported rice, nor did we find a meaningful difference among Iranian, Pakistani and Thai rice regarding the amount of contamination [P= 0.2]. Although the amount of contamination is less than the safe limit, the extent of natural occurrence of T-2 toxin in rice in Iran indicates that contamination occurs somewhere in the production process. This, in turn, necessitates screening of rice for contamination with mycotoxins from farm to table